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The World Factbook 2002
| Tajikistan |

Introduction | Tajikistan

Background: | Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implemented in 2000. The central government's less than total control over some areas of the country has forced it to compromise and forge alliances among factions. Open skirmishes in the streets are less of a problem than they were during the war five years ago. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan may bring increased economic development assistance, which would create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the beginning stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has been approved to join NATO's Partnership for Peace.

Geography | Tajikistan

Location: | Central Asia, west of China
Geographic coordinates: | 39 00 N, 71 00 E
Map references: | Asia
Area: | total: 143,100 sq km water: 400 sq km land: 142,700 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Land boundaries: | total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: | none (landlocked)
Climate: | midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Terrain: | Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m
Natural resources: | hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Land use: | arable land: 5% permanent crops: 1% other: 94% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 7,200 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | earthquakes and floods
Environment - current issues: | inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; part of the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated pollution
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR

People | Tajikistan

Population: | 6,719,567 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 40.4% (male 1,370,314; female 1,346,465) 15-64 years: 54.9% (male 1,835,573; female 1,854,677) 65 years and over: 4.7% (male 136,033; female 176,505) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: | 2.12% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: | 32.99 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: | 8.51 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: | -3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | 114.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 64.28 years female: 67.46 years (2002 est.) male: 61.24 years
Total fertility rate: | 4.23 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | less than 100 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani
Ethnic groups: | Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%
Religions: | Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%
Languages: | Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98% male: 99% female: 97% (1989 est.)

Government | Tajikistan

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston
Government type: | republic
Capital: | Dushanbe
Administrative divisions: | 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
Independence: | 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: | Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Constitution: | 6 November 1994
Legal system: | based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2% elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
Legislative branch: | bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve five-year terms) election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65%, Communist Party 20%, Islamic Rebirth Party 7.5%, other 7.5%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA elections: last held 27 February and 12 March 2000 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held NA 2005) and 23 March 2000 for the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders: | Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [Saiffidin TURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; Party of Justice and Development [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Socialist Party [leader NA]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | there are three unregistered political parties with 1,000 or more members: Progressive Party [Suton QUVVATOV]; Social Democratic Party [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Unity Party [Hikmatuko SAIDOV]
International organization participation: | AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM, ITU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: | Tajikistan does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a permanent mission to the UN: address - 136 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, telephone - [1] (212) 472-7645, FAX - [1] (212) 628-0252; permanent representative to the UN is Rashid ALIMOV
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin P. "Pancho" HUDDLE, Jr. embassy: 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734003; note - the embassy in Dushanbe is not yet fully operational; most business is still handled in Almaty at 531 Sayfullin Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, telephone 7-3272-58-79-61, FAX 7-3272-58079-68 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: 992-372-21-03-48, 03-50, 03-52 FAX: 992-372-24-15-62
Flag description: | three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Economy | Tajikistan

Economy - overview: | Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15 former Soviet republics. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Even though 80% of its people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has experienced strong economic growth since 1997. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises will further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, and the external debt burden. Servicing of the debt, owed principally to Russia and Uzbekistan, could require as much as 50% of government revenues in 2002, thus limiting the nation's ability to meet pressing development needs.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $7.5 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 8.3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $1,140 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 19% industry: 25% services: 56% (2000)
Population below poverty line: | 80% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 33% (2001 est.)
Labor force: | 3.187 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 67.2%, industry 7.5%, services 25.3% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 20% (2001 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $146 million expenditures: $196 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: | aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Industrial production growth rate: | 10.3% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production: | 14.245 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 2% hydro: 98% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 12.539 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: | 3.909 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: | 3.2 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: | cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
Exports: | $640 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: | aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Exports - partners: | Europe 43%, Russia 30%, Uzbekistan 13% (2000)
Imports: | $700 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: | electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: | Uzbekistan 27%, Russia 16%, Europe 12% (2000)
Debt - external: | $1.23 billion (2000 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $60.7 million from US (2001)
Currency: | somoni
Currency code: | SM
Exchange rates: | Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.55 (January 2002), 2.2 (January 2001), 1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996) note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000, with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Tajikistan

Telephones - main lines in use: | 363,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 2,500 (1997)
Telephone system: | general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network domestic: cable and microwave radio relay international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 8, FM 7, shortwave 2 (2001)
Radios: | 1.291 million (1991)
Television broadcast stations: | 13 (2001)
Televisions: | 820,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .tj
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 5 (2001)
Internet users: | 2,000 (2000)

Transportation | Tajikistan

Railways: | total: 482 km broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge note: includes only lines in common carrier service; lines dedicated to particular industries are excluded (2001)
Highways: | total: 29,900 km paved: 21,400 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 8,500 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Waterways: | none
Pipelines: | natural gas 400 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: | none
Airports: | 53 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 51 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 36 (2001)

Military | Tajikistan

Military branches: | Army, Air Force and Air Defense Force, Presidential National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Military manpower - military age: | 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 1,646,278 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 1,349,505 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 72,056 (2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $35.4 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 3.9% (FY01)

Transnational Issues | Tajikistan

Disputes - international: | the undemarcated northern and western border with Uzbekistan is mined in many sections; continues to maintain a territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan in Isfara Valley area; ongoing talks with China have failed to resolve the longstanding dispute over the indefinite boundary; Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan wrestle with sharing limited water resources and the regional environmental degradation caused by the shrinking of the Aral Sea
Illicit drugs: | major transshipment zone for heroin and opiates from Afghanistan going to Russia and Western Europe; limited illicit cultivation of narcotics crops, mostly for domestic consumption

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002