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The World Factbook 2002
| Johnston Atoll |

Introduction | Johnston Atoll

Background: | Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in 1858, but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for high altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction is now complete. Cleanup and closure of the facility is progressing, with completion anticipated in 2004.

Geography | Johnston Atoll

Location: | Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 NM (1328 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands
Geographic coordinates: | 16 45 N, 169 31 W
Map references: | Oceania
Area: | total: 2.8 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 2.8 sq km
Area - comparative: | about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: | 0 km
Coastline: | 34 km
Maritime claims: | exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: | tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: | mostly flat
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Summit Peak 5 m
Natural resources: | guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Land use: | arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | no natural fresh water resources
Geography - note: | strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public; former US nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); some lowgrowing vegetation

People | Johnston Atoll

Population: | no indigenous inhabitants note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel present; as of 1 September 2001, population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed (July 2002 est.)
Population growth rate: | NA%

Government | Johnston Atoll

Country name: | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Johnston Atoll
Dependency status: | unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Honolulu, HI, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam AFB, and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Legal system: | the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
Flag description: | the flag of the US is used

Economy | Johnston Atoll

Economy - overview: | Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity - production: | approximately 1million kWh weekly; note - there are six 25,000 kWh generators operated by the base operating support contractor (1999)
Electricity - consumption: | NA kWh

Communications | Johnston Atoll

Telephone system: | general assessment: 13 outgoing and 10 incoming commercial lines; adequate telecommunications domestic: 60-channel submarine cable (broken in January 2002), 22 DSN circuits by satellite, Autodin with standard remote terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), UHF/VHF air-ground radio, a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network (PCTN) satellite international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: | AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Television broadcast stations: | commercial satellite television system, with 16 channels (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | NA

Transportation | Johnston Atoll

Waterways: | none
Ports and harbors: | Johnston Island
Airports: | 1 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2001)

Military | Johnston Atoll

Military - note: | defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues | Johnston Atoll

Disputes - international: | none

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002