Gambia, The

§1. Gambia Introduction

Background:
  The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965; it formed a
  short-lived federation of Senegambia with Senegal between 1982 and 1989. In
  1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty. A military
  coup in 1994 overthrew the president and banned political activity, but a
  1996 constitution and presidential elections, followed by parliamentary
  balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. The country
  undertook another round of presidential and legislative elections in late
  2001 and early 2002. Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH, the leader of the coup, has
  been elected president in all subsequent elections.

§2. Gambia Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal

Geographic coordinates:
  13 28 N, 16 34 W

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 11,300 km²
  land: 10,000 km²
  water: 1,300 km²

Area - comparative:
  slightly less than twice the size of Delaware

Land boundaries:
  total: 740 km
  border countries: Senegal 740 km

Coastline:
  80 km

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 18 nm
  continental shelf: not specified
  exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
  tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season
  (November to May)

Terrain:
  flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: unnamed location 53 m

Natural resources:
  fish, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon, silica sand, clay,
  petroleum

Land use:
  arable land: 27.88%
  permanent crops: 0.44%
  other: 71.68% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  20 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases prevalent

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa

§3. Gambia People

Population:
  1,641,564 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 44.3% (male 365,157/female 361,821)
  15-64 years: 53% (male 431,627/female 438,159)
  65 years and over: 2.7% (male 22,889/female 21,911) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 17.7 years
  male: 17.6 years
  female: 17.8 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.84% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  39.37 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.05 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 71.58 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 78.06 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 54.14 years
  male: 52.3 years
  female: 56.03 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.3 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  6,800 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  600 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A,
    and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
    fever, yellow fever are high risks in some locations
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2005)

Nationality:
  noun: Gambian(s)
  adjective: Gambian

Ethnic groups:
  African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%,
  other 4%), non-African 1%

Religions:
  Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:
  English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 40.1%
  male: 47.8%
  female: 32.8% (2003 est.)

§4. Gambia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia
  conventional short form: The Gambia

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Banjul

Administrative divisions:
  5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Central River, Lower River, North Bank,
  Upper River, Western

Independence:
  18 February 1965 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 18 February (1965)

Constitution:
  24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national
  referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January 1997

Legal system:
  based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law;
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996);
    note - from 1994 to 1996 he was chairman of the Junta); Vice President
    Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president is both the
    chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October
    1996); note - from 1994 to 1996 he was chairman of the Junta); Vice
    President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president
    is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 18 October 2001 (next to be held October 2006)
  election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH reelected president; percent of
    vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 52.9%, Ousainou DARBOE 32.7%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (53 seats; 48 elected by popular vote, 5
  appointed by the president; members serve five- year terms)
  elections: last held 17 January 2002 (next to be held February 2007)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APRC 45,
    PDOIS 2, NRP 1,

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC - the ruling
  party [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambian People's Party-Progressive People's
  Party-United Democratic Party or GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition [Ousainou DARBOE];
  National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation
  Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for
  Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]
  note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed the
    reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned since 1996

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
  IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
  OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI,
  UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
  chancery: Suite 1000, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
  telephone: [1] (202) 785-1379
  FAX: [1] (202) 785-1430

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph D. STAFFORD, III
  embassy: Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, Banjul
  mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul
  telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391971
  FAX: [220] 392475

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green

§5. Gambia Economy

Economy - overview:
  The Gambia has no significant mineral or natural resource deposits and has
  a limited agricultural base. About 75% of the population depends on crops
  and livestock for its livelihood. Small-scale manufacturing activity
  features the processing of peanuts, fish, and hides. Reexport trade
  normally constitutes a major segment of economic activity, but a 1999
  government-imposed preshipment inspection plan, and instability of the
  Gambian dalasi (currency) have drawn some of the reexport trade away from
  The Gambia. The government's 1998 seizure of the private peanut firm
  Alimenta eliminated the largest purchaser of Gambian groundnuts. Despite an
  announced program to begin privatizing key parastatals, no plans have been
  made public that would indicate that the government intends to follow
  through on its promises. Unemployment and underemployment rates remain
  extremely high; short-run economic progress depends on sustained bilateral
  and multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, on
  continued technical assistance from the IMF and bilateral donors, and on
  expected growth in the construction sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $2.946 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $426.6 million (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5.5% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $1,800 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 35.5%
  industry: 12.2%
  services: 52.3% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  400,000 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 75%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 6%

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.8% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  25.8% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $46.63 million
  expenditures: $62.66 million; including capital expenditures of $4.1
    million (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, millet, sorghum, peanuts, corn, sesame, cassava (tapioca), palm
  kernels; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
  processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism, beverages, agricultural
  machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  140 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  130.2 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  2,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Natural gas - production:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Current account balance:
  $-20.54 million (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $140.3 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels, re-exports

Exports - partners:
  India 23.7%, UK 15.2%, France 14.2%, Germany 9.6%, Italy 8.3%, Thailand
  5.9%, Malaysia 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
  $197 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport equipment

Imports - partners:
  China 23.7%, Senegal 11.6%, Brazil 5.9%, UK 5.5%, Netherlands 4.5%, US 4.4%
  (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $81.55 million (2005 est.)

Debt - external:
  $628.8 million (2003 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $59.8 million (2003)

Currency (code):
  dalasi (GMD)

Exchange rates:
  dalasi per US dollar - 30.38 (2005), 30.03 (2004), 27.306 (2004), 19.918
  (2003), 15.687 (2002), 15.687 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Gambia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  38,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  175,000 (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: adequate; a packet switched data network is available
  domestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open-wire
  international: country code - 220; microwave radio relay links to Senegal
    and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (government-owned) (1997)

Internet country code:
  .gm

Internet hosts:
  13 (2005)

Internet users:
  49,000 (2005)

§7. Gambia Transportation

Airports:
  1 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 1
  over 3,047 m: 1 (2005)

Roadways:
  total: 3,742 km
  paved: 723 km
  unpaved: 3,019 km (2003)

Waterways:
  390 km (on River Gambia; small ocean-going vessels can reach 190 km) (2004)

Merchant marine:
  total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 30,976 GRT/10,978 DWT
  by type: passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1 (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Banjul

§8. Gambia Military

Military branches:
  Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambian Navy (GN), Presidential Guard,
  National Guard

Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 18-49: 309,279 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 18-49: 188,117 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $1.55 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  0.4% (2005 est.)

§9. Gambia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other
  illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region,
  as well as from conflicts in other west African states


<Factbook 2006>
