Iran

§1. Iran Introduction

Background:
  Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after
  the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced into exile.
  Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic system of government
  with ultimate political authority nominally vested in a learned religious
  scholar. Iranian-US relations have been strained since a group of Iranian
  students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it
  until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war
  with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes
  between US Navy and Iranian military forces between 1987-1988. Iran has
  been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon
  and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US economic sanctions and
  export controls because of its continued involvement. Following the
  elections of a reformist president and Majlis in the late 1990s, attempts
  to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction
  floundered as conservative politicians prevented reform measures from being
  enacted, increased repressive measures, and made electoral gains against
  reformers. Parliamentary elections in 2004 and the August 2005 inauguration
  of a conservative stalwart as president, completed the reconsolidation of
  conservative power in Iran's government.

§2. Iran Geography

Location:
  Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian
  Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Geographic coordinates:
  32 00 N, 53 00 E

Map references:
  Middle_East

Area:
  total: 1.648 million km²
  land: 1.636 million km²
  water: 12,000 km²

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:
  total: 5,440 km
  border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432
    km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km,
    Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Coastline:
  2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the
    Persian Gulf
  continental shelf: natural prolongation

Climate:
  mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Terrain:
  rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains;
  small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
  highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese,
  zinc, sulfur

Land use:
  arable land: 9.78%
  permanent crops: 1.29%
  other: 88.93% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  75,620 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
  air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery
  operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing;
  desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from
  drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable
  water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea,
    Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
  strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are
  vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

§3. Iran People

Population:
  68,688,433 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 26.1% (male 9,204,785/female 8,731,429)
  15-64 years: 69% (male 24,133,919/female 23,245,255)
  65 years and over: 4.9% (male 1,653,827/female 1,719,218) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 24.8 years
  male: 24.6 years
  female: 25 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.1% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  17 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 40.3 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 40.49 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 40.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 70.26 years
  male: 68.86 years
  female: 71.74 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.8 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  31,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  800 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Iranian(s)
  adjective: Iranian

Ethnic groups:
  Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur
  2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Religions:
  Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
  Baha'i 2%

Languages:
  Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish
  9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 79.4%
  male: 85.6%
  female: 73% (2003 est.)

§4. Iran Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
  conventional short form: Iran
  local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
  local short form: Iran
  former: Persia

Government type:
  theocratic republic

Capital:
  Tehran

Administrative divisions:
  30 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi,
  Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars,
  Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e
  Janubi, Khorasan- e Razavi, Khorasan-e Shemali, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va
  Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan,
  Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

Independence:
  1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

National holiday:
  Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
  note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran include Revolution Day,
    11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21 March; Constitutional
    Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925); and various Islamic observances that
    change in accordance with the lunar-based hejira calendar

Constitution:
  2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and
  eliminate the prime ministership

Legal system:
  the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Suffrage:
  15 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June
    1989)
  head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD (since 3 August 2005);
    First Vice President Parviz DAVUDI (since 11 September 2005)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative
    approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over appointments to the
    more sensitive ministries
  elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the
    Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a four-year
    term; election last held 17 June 2005 with a two-candidate runoff on 24
    June 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)
  election results: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD elected president; percent of vote -
    Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD 62%, Ali Akbar Hashemi RAFSANJANI 36%; note - 2% of
    ballots spoiled

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290
  seats - formerly 270 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
  four-year terms)
  elections: last held 20 February 2004 with a runoff held 7 in May 2004
    (next to be held in February 2008)
  election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party -
    conservatives/Islamists 190, reformers 50, independents 43, religious
    minorities 5, and 2 seats unaccounted for

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court - above a special clerical court, a revolutionary court, and
  a special administrative court

Political parties and leaders:
  formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iran and most
  conservatives still prefer to work through political pressure groups rather
  than parties; a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad Front,
  which includes political parties as well as less formal pressure groups and
  organizations, achieved considerable success at
  elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000; groups in the coalition
    include: Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF), Executives of
    Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity Party, Islamic Labor Party;
    Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO),
    and Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in
    the seventh Majles elections in early 2004; a new apparently conservative
    group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the new
    Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities;
  groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e
  Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant
  Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), and
  Islamic Engineers Society; active pro-reform student groups include the
  Organization for Strengthening Unity; opposition groups include Freedom
  Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various ethnic
  and Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been almost
  completely repressed by the government include Mujahidin-e Khalq
  Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian
  Kurdistan, and Komala

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, CP, ECO, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
  (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, SCO
  (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy;
    address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani
  Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1]
    (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national
  emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a
  tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH
  AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the
  bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red
  band

§5. Iran Economy

Economy - overview:
  Iran's economy is marked by a bloated, inefficient state sector, over
  reliance on the oil sector, and statist policies that create major
  distortions throughout. Most economic activity is controlled by the state.
  Private sector activity is typically small-scale - workshops, farming, and
  services. President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD has continued to follow the market
  reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI, with limited progress.
  Relatively high oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass some
  $40 billion in foreign exchange reserves, but have not eased economic
  hardships such as high unemployment and inflation. The proportion of the
  economy devoted to the development of weapons of mass destruction remains a
  contentious issue with leading Western nations.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $552.8 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $178.1 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  4.8% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $8,100 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 11.8%
  industry: 43.3%
  services: 44.9% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  23.68 million
  note: shortage of skilled labor (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  11.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  40% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  43 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  16% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  30.5% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $48.82 billion
  expenditures: $60.4 billion; including capital expenditures of $7.6 billion
    (2005 est.)

Public debt:
  27.5% of GDP (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy
  products, wool; caviar

Industries:
  petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other construction
  materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil
  production), metal fabrication, armaments

Industrial production growth rate:
  3% excluding oil (2005 est.)

Electricity - production:
  142.3 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  132.1 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  840 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  600 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  3.979 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  1.425 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - proved reserves:
  133.3 billion bbl (2005 est.)

Natural gas - production:
  79 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  79 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
  3.4 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
  4.92 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
  26.62 trillion m³ (2005)

Current account balance:
  $8.179 billion (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $55.42 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts,
  carpets

Exports - partners:
  Japan 18.4%, China 9.7%, Italy 6%, South Africa 5.8%, South Korea 5.4%,
  Taiwan 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Imports:
  $42.5 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs
  and other consumer goods, technical services, military supplies

Imports - partners:
  Germany 12.8%, France 8.3%, Italy 7.7%, China 7.2%, UAE 7.2%, South Korea
  6.1%, Russia 5.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $40.06 billion (2005 est.)

Debt - external:
  $16.94 billion (2005 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $408 million (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
  Iranian rial (IRR)

Exchange rates:
  rials per US dollar - 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907
  (2002), 1,753.6 (2001)
  note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since
    unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Fiscal year:
  21 March - 20 March

§6. Iran Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  14,571,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  4.3 million (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: inadequate, but currently being modernized and expanded
    with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the
    volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to
    several thousand villages, not presently connected
  domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since
    1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay
    trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been brought into the
    net; the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately
    doubled; thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served;
    moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the
    installation of thousands of digital switches
  international: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relay to
    Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait,
    Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with
    access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe
    (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion
    of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan;
    satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:
  28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ir

Internet hosts:
  5,246 (2005)

Internet users:
  7.5 million (2005)

§7. Iran Transportation

Airports:
  310 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 129
  over 3,047 m: 40
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 25
  914 to 1,523 m: 33
  under 914 m: 5 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 181
  over 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
  914 to 1,523 m: 130
  under 914 m: 42 (2005)

Heliports:
  15 (2005)

Pipelines:
  condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km; oil
  8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)

Railways:
  total: 7,203 km
  broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge
  standard gauge: 7,109 km 1.435-m gauge (189 km electrified) (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 178,152 km
  paved: 118,115 km (including 751 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 60,037 km (2002)

Waterways:
  850 km (850 km on Karun River; additional service on Lake Urmia) (2006)

Merchant marine:
  total: 143 ships (1000 GRT or over) 5,129,056 GRT/8,908,336 DWT
  by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 48, chemical tanker 4, container 14,
    liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 30,
    roll on/roll off 3
  foreign-owned: 1 (UAE 1)
  registered in other countries: 19 (Bolivia 1, Cyprus 2, Isle of Man 1,
    Kuwait 1, Malta 9, Panama 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Assaluyeh, Bushehr

§8. Iran Military

Military branches:
  Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy, Air
    Force (includes Air Defense); Islamic
  Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami, IRGC):
    Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Qods Force (special operations), and
    Basij Force (Popular Mobilization Army); Law Enforcement Forces (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for
  volunteers; soldiers as young as 9 were recruited extensively during the
  Iran-Iraq War; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 18-49: 18,319,545 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 18-49: 15,665,725 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
  males: 862,056 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3.3% (2003 est.)

§9. Iran Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the
  Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary
  with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al
  Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa
  Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran stands alone among littoral states
  in insisting upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 952,802 (Afghanistan) 93,173 (Iraq) (2005)

Illicit drugs:
  despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key transshipment
  point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic narcotics consumption
  remains a persistent problem and according to official Iranian statistics
  there are at least 2 million drug users in the country; lacks
  anti-money-laundering laws


<Factbook 2006>
