Mauritania

§1. Mauritania Introduction

Background:
  Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of
  the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it
  after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking
  independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in
  a coup in 1984. Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution
  approved in 1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were
  widely seen as flawed, but October 2001 legislative and municipal elections
  were generally free and open. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed
  President TAYA and ushered in a military council headed by Col. Ely Ould
  Mohamed VALL, which declared it would remain in power for up to two years
  while it created conditions for genuine democratic institutions and
  organized elections. For now, however, Mauritania remains an autocratic
  state, and the country continues to experience ethnic tensions among its
  black population and different Moor (Arab-Berber) communities.

§2. Mauritania Geography

Location:
  Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and
  Western Sahara

Geographic coordinates:
  20 00 N, 12 00 W

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 1,030,700 km²
  land: 1,030,400 km²
  water: 300 km²

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:
  total: 5,074 km
  border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western
    Sahara 1,561 km

Coastline:
  754 km

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
  desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Terrain:
  mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m
  highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m

Natural resources:
  iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish

Land use:
  arable land: 0.2%
  permanent crops: 0.01%
  other: 99.79% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  490 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April;
  periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
  overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are
  contributing to desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources
  away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust
  infestation

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and
  Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country

§3. Mauritania People

Population:
  3,177,388 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 45.6% (male 726,376/female 723,013)
  15-64 years: 52.2% (male 818,408/female 839,832)
  65 years and over: 2.2% (male 28,042/female 41,717) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 17 years
  male: 16.8 years
  female: 17.3 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.88% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  40.99 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 69.48 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 72.44 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 66.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 53.12 years
  male: 50.88 years
  female: 55.42 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.86 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  9,500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  less than 500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A,
    and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some
    locations
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2005)

Nationality:
  noun: Mauritanian(s)
  adjective: Mauritanian

Ethnic groups:
  mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Religions:
  Muslim 100%

Languages:
  Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 41.7%
  male: 51.8%
  female: 31.9% (2003 est.)

§4. Mauritania Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
  conventional short form: Mauritania
  local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah
  local short form: Muritaniyah

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Nouakchott

Administrative divisions:
  12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*; Adrar,
  Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui,
  Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza

Independence:
  28 November 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Constitution:
  12 July 1991

Legal system:
  a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Col. Ely Ould Mohamed VALL, whose Military Council for
    Justice and Democracy deposed longtime President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed
    TAYA in a coup on 3 August 2005
  head of government: Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould BOUBAKAR (since 8
    August 2005)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; last held
    7 November 2003 (next to be held in March 2007); prime minister appointed
    by the president
  election results: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected for a
    third term with 60.8% of the vote

Legislative branch:
  bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56
  seats; a portion of seats up for election every two years; members elected
  by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or
  Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
  five-year terms)
  elections: Senate - last held 9 and 16 April 2004 (next to be held NA);
    National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001 (next to be held
    November 2006)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
    NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%, RDU 3.5%,
    UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS 64, UDP 3, RDU
    3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts

Political parties and leaders:
  Action for Change or AC (no longer active) [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
  Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Cisse Amadou CHEIKHOU]; National
  Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for
  Liberty, Equality, and Justice or PLEJ [Ba Mamdou ALASSANE]; Party of
  Democratic Convergence or PCD [Cheikh Ould HORMA]; Popular Front or FP
  [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progressive Alliance or APP
  [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Progress Force Union or UFP (no longer active)
  [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould
  DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
  Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR (formerly ruling
  Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS) [Boullah Ould MOGUEYA];
  Right Way or SAWAB [Cheikh Ould Sidi Ould HANANA]; Union for Democracy and
  Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]; Union of Forces of Progress or UFP
  [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]
  note: the Party of Democratic Convergence was banned in October 2005
    because it was regarded as Islamist and therefore in breach of
    Mauritanian law

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers
  or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent
  Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists;
  Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary
  general]

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
  IOC, IOM, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
  UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Tijani Ould KERIM
  chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701
  FAX: [1] (202) 319-2623

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LEBARON
  embassy: 288 Rue Abdallaye (between Presidency building and Spanish
    Embassy), Nouakchott
  mailing address: BP 222, Nouakchott
  telephone: [222] 525-2660/525-2663
  FAX: [222] 525-1592

Flag description:
  green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent;
  the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color
  green are traditional symbols of Islam

§5. Mauritania Economy

Economy - overview:
  Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a
  livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were
  forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s.
  Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40%
  of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has
  led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the
  richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners
  threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port
  opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In the past, drought and economic
  mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt which now stands at
  more than three times the level of annual exports. In February 2000,
  Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor
  Countries (HIPC) initiative and in December 2001 received strong support
  from donor and lending countries at a triennial Consultative Group review.
  A new investment code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities
  for direct foreign investment. Ongoing negotiations with the IMF involve
  problems of economic reforms and fiscal discipline. In 2001, exploratory
  oil wells in tracts 80 km offshore indicated potential extraction at
  current world oil prices. Mauritania has an estimated 1 billion barrels of
  proved reserves. Substantial oil production and exports are scheduled to
  begin in early 2006 and may average 75,000 barrels per day for that year.
  Meantime the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of
  health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $6.198 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $1.356 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5.5% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $2,000 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 25%
  industry: 29%
  services: 46% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
  786,000 (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 50%, industry 10%, services 40% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  20% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.5%
  highest 10%: 30.2% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  39 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  7% (2003 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $421 million
  expenditures: $378 million; including capital expenditures of $154 million
    (2002 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn; cattle, sheep

Industries:
  fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Industrial production growth rate:
  2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  185.6 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  172.6 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  24,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - proved reserves:
  1 billion bbl (2005)

Natural gas - production:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 m³ (2005)

Exports:
  $784 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Exports - partners:
  Japan 13.1%, France 11%, Spain 9.7%, Germany 9.7%, Italy 9.6%, Belgium
  7.5%, China 6.1%, Russia 4.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
  $1.124 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs,
  consumer goods

Imports - partners:
  France 14.1%, US 7.6%, China 6.4%, Spain 5.8%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.3%,
  Belgium 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
  $2.5 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $305.7 million (2002)

Currency (code):
  ouguiya (MRO)

Exchange rates:
  ouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2005), NA (2004), 263.03 (2003), 271.74
  (2002), 255.63 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Mauritania Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  39,000 (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  522,400 (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor
    microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations
    (improvements being made)
  domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic
    satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional
    capitals
  international: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat
    (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (2002)

Internet country code:
  .mr

Internet hosts:
  21 (2005)

Internet users:
  14,000 (2005)

§7. Mauritania Transportation

Airports:
  24 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 8
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 16
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
  914 to 1,523 m: 6
  under 914 m: 1 (2005)

Railways:
  717 km
  standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 7,660 km
  paved: 866 km
  unpaved: 6,794 km (1999)

Ports and terminals:
  Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

§8. Mauritania Military

Military branches:
  Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (Marine Mauritanienne; includes Naval
    Infantry), Air Force (Force Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM)
    (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - two years; majority
  of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air Force and Navy is
  voluntary (April 2005)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 18-49: 606,463 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 18-49: 370,513 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $19.32 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.4% (2005 est.)

§9. Mauritania Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent years


<Factbook 2006>
