Belgium

§1. Belgium Introduction

Background:
  Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by
  Germany during World Wars I and II. It has prospered in the past half
  century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of
  NATO and the EU. Tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north
  and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to
  constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and
  autonomy.

§2. Belgium Geography

Location:
  Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands

Geographic coordinates:
  50 50 N, 4 00 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 30,528 km²
  land: 30,278 km²
  water: 250 km²

Area - comparative:
  about the size of Maryland

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,385 km
  border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,
    Netherlands 450 km

Coastline:
  66.5 km

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit
  continental shelf: median line with neighbors

Climate:
  temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Terrain:
  flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains
  of Ardennes Forest in southeast

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: North Sea 0 m
  highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Natural resources:
  construction materials, silica sand, carbonates

Land use:
  arable land: 27.42%
  permanent crops: 0.69%
  other: 71.89%
  note: includes Luxembourg (2005)

Irrigated land:
  40 km² (includes Luxembourg) (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land,
  protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Environment - current issues:
  the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human activities:
    urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal
    breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have
    repercussions for neighboring countries; uncertainties regarding federal
    and regional responsibilities (now resolved) have slowed progress in
    tackling environmental challenges

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
    Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
    Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
    Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
    Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
    Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
    the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
  crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within
  1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO

§3. Belgium People

Population:
  10,379,067 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 16.7% (male 883,254/female 846,099)
  15-64 years: 65.9% (male 3,450,879/female 3,389,565)
  65 years and over: 17.4% (male 746,569/female 1,062,701) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 40.9 years
  male: 39.6 years
  female: 42.1 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.13% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  10.38 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  10.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 4.62 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 4.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 78.77 years
  male: 75.59 years
  female: 82.09 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.64 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  10,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Belgian(s)
  adjective: Belgian

Ethnic groups:
  Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Languages:
  Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than
  1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 99%
  male: 99%
  female: 99% (2003 est.)

§4. Belgium Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium
  conventional short form: Belgium
  local long form: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie
  local short form: Belgique/Belgie

Government type:
  federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch

Capital:
  Brussels

Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Dutch: provincies,
    singular - provincie) and 3 regions* (French:
  regions; Dutch: gewesten); Antwerpen, Brabant Wallon, Brussels*
    (Bruxelles), Flanders*, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur,
    Oost-Vlaanderen, Vlaams-Brabant, Wallonia*, West-Vlaanderen
  note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
    devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government
    (federal, regional, and four linguistic communities) with a complex
    division of responsibilities

Independence:
  4 October 1830 (a provisional government declares independence from the
  Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King Leopold I ascends to the throne)

National holiday:
  21 July (1831) ascension to the Throne of King Leopold I

Constitution:
  7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a
  federal state

Legal system:
  civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial
  review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
  chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir Apparent Prince
    PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
  head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July 1999)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
  elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following
    legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of
    the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
    and then approved by parliament
  note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in
  French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by popular vote, 31 are
  indirectly elected; members serve four-year terms) and a Chamber of
  Deputies or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des
  Representants in French (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular
  vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
  elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 18 May 2003 (next to
    be held no later than May 2007)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - SP.A-Spirit 15.5%,
    VLD 15.4%, CD & V 12.7%, PS 12.8%, MR 12.1%, VB 9.4%, CDH 5.6%; seats by
    party - SP.A-Spirit 7, VLD 7, CD & V 6, PS 6, MR 5, VB 5, CDH 2, other 2
    (note - there are also 31 indirectly elected senators); Chamber of
    Deputies - percent of vote by party - VLD 15.4%, SP.A-Spirit 14.9%, CD &
    V 13.3%, PS 13.0%, VB 11.6%, MR 11.4%, CDH 5.5%, Ecolo 3.1%; seats by
    party - VLD 25, SP.A-Spirit 23, CD & V 21, PS 25, VB 18, MR 24, CDH 8,
    Ecolo 4, other 2
  note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
    devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government
    (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of
    responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments each with its own
    legislative assembly

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de
  Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the government;
  candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice Council)

Political parties and leaders:
  Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V [Jo VANDEURZEN];
    Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS]; GROEN! (formerly AGALEV,
    Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER];
    Socialist Party.Alternative or SP.A [Johan Vande LANOTTE]; Spirit [Geert
    LAMBERT] (new party now associated with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish
    Interest) or VB [Frank VANHECKE]
  Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
    Evelyne HUYTEBROECK, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center of
    CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Reformist
    Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO];
    other minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian
  Industries; numerous other associations representing bankers,
  manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
  professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of
  Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups
  representing immigrants

International organization participation:
  ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
  EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
  ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
  IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF,
  ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
  UNITAR, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Franciskus VAN DAELE
  chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900
  FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Tom C. KOROLOGOS
  embassy: Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
  mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710
  telephone: [32] (2) 508-2111
  FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725

Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the
  design was based on the flag of France

§5. Belgium Economy

Economy - overview:
  This modern, private-enterprise economy has capitalized on its central
  geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified
  industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the
  populous Flemish area in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium
  must import substantial quantities of raw materials and export a large
  volume of manufactures, making its economy unusually dependent on the state
  of world markets. Roughly three- quarters of its trade is with other EU
  countries. Public debt is nearly 100% of GDP. On the positive side, the
  government has succeeded in balancing its budget, and income distribution
  is relatively equal. Belgium began circulating the euro currency in January
  2002. Economic growth in 2001-03 dropped sharply because of the global
  economic slowdown, with moderate recovery in 2004-05.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $330.6 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $352.6 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  1.5% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $31,900 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 1.3%
  industry: 24.7%
  services: 74% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
  4.77 million (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 1.3%, industry 24.5%, services 74.2% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  8.4% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  4% (1989 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.2%
  highest 10%: 23% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  25 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.7% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  18.4% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $180.4 billion
  expenditures: $180.5 billion; including capital expenditures of $1.56
    billion (2005 est.)

Public debt:
  93.6% of GDP (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; beef, veal, pork,
  milk

Industries:
  engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation
  equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals,
  basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate:
  1.1% (2005 est.)

Electricity - production:
  78.77 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  79.66 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  8.3 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  14.7 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  13,060 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - consumption:
  624,200 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  450,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
  1.042 million bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  15.48 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
  0 m³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
  15.4 billion m³ (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
  $6.983 billion (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $269.6 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and metal products,
  foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
  Germany 19.9%, France 17.2%, Netherlands 11.8%, UK 8.6%, US 6.5%, Italy
  5.2% (2004)

Imports:
  $264.5 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs,
  transportation equipment, oil products

Imports - partners:
  Germany 18.4%, Netherlands 17%, France 12.5%, UK 6.8%, Ireland 6.3%, US
  5.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $13.99 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
  $980.1 billion (30 June 2005 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
  ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)

Currency (code):
  euro (EUR)
  note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as
    a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member
    countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for
    everyday transactions within the member countries

Exchange rates:
  euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
  (2002), 1.1175 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Belgium Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  4.801 million (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  9,131,700 (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: highly developed, technologically advanced, and
    completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph
    facilities
  domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable network;
    limited microwave radio relay network
  international: country code - 32; submarine cables - 5; satellite earth
    stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2005)

Radio broadcast stations:
  FM 79, AM 7, shortwave 1 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:
  25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)

Internet country code:
  .be

Internet hosts:
  2,238,900 (2005)

Internet users:
  5.1 million (2005)

§7. Belgium Transportation

Airports:
  43 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 25
  over 3,047 m: 6
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m: 7 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 18
  914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m: 16 (2005)

Heliports:
  1 (2005)

Pipelines:
  gas 1,485 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2004)

Railways:
  total: 3,521 km
  standard gauge: 3,521 km 1.435-m gauge (2,927 km electrified) (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 149,757 km
  paved: 117,110 km (including 1,747 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 32,647 km (2003)

Waterways:
  2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2003)

Merchant marine:
  total: 68 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,116,336 GRT/6,962,448 DWT
  by type: bulk carrier 20, cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, container 12,
    liquefied gas 19, petroleum tanker 12
  foreign-owned: 14 (Denmark 4, France 2, Germany 1, Greece 4, Hong Kong 1,
    Italy 1, UK 1)
  registered in other countries: 105 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, The Bahamas 11,
    Belize 1, Cyprus 1, French Southern and Antarctic Lands 5, Georgia 1,
    Gibraltar 1, Greece 11, Hong Kong 3, Luxembourg 15, Malta 11, Mozambique
    2, Netherlands 2, Netherlands Antilles 4, Panama 13, Portugal 7, Saint
    Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapore 9, Sweden 3) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Antwerp, Brussels, Gent, Liege, Oostende, Zeebrugge

§8. Belgium Military

Military branches:
  Land, Naval, and Air Components (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
  16 years of age for voluntary military service; women comprise approx. 7%
  of the Belgian armed forces (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,436,736 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,998,003 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
  males: 64,263 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $3.999 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.3% (2003)

§9. Belgium Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none

Illicit drugs:
  growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for US-bound ecstasy;
  source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors;
  transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering
  Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains
  vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol,
  and tobacco


<Factbook 2006>
