Indonesia

§1. Indonesia Introduction

Background:
  The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the
  islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its
  independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of
  intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before
  the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the
  world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim
    population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing
    terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of
    authoritarianism, implementing financial sector reforms, stemming
    corruption, and holding the military and police accountable for human
    rights violations. Indonesia was the nation worst hit by the December
    2004 tsunami, which particularly affected Aceh province causing over
    100,000 deaths and over $4 billion in damage. An additional earthquake in
    March 2005 created heavy destruction on the island of Nias.
    Reconstruction in these areas may take up to a decade. In 2005, Indonesia
    reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, but it
    continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua.

§2. Indonesia Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific
  Ocean

Geographic coordinates:
  5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references:
  Southeast_Asia

Area:
  total: 1,919,440 km²
  land: 1,826,440 km²
  water: 93,000 km²

Area - comparative:
  slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,830 km
  border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea
    820 km

Coastline:
  54,716 km

Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:
  mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile
  soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use:
  arable land: 11.03%
  permanent crops: 7.04%
  other: 81.93% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  48,150 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes,
  forest fires

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air
  pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
    Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
  archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;
  strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to
  Pacific Ocean

§3. Indonesia People

Population:
  245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582)
  15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238)
  65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female 7,418,733) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 26.8 years
  male: 26.4 years
  female: 27.3 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.41% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 34.39 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 39.36 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 69.87 years
  male: 67.42 years
  female: 72.45 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  110,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,400 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A
    and E, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks
    in some locations
  note: at present, H5N1 avian influenza poses a minimal risk; during
    outbreaks among birds, rare cases could occur among US citizens who have
    close contact with infected birds or poultry (2005)

Nationality:
  noun: Indonesian(s)
  adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups:
  Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Religions:
  Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other
  1% (1998)

Languages:
  Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local
  dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 87.9%
  male: 92.5%
  female: 83.4% (2002 est.)

§4. Indonesia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
  conventional short form: Indonesia
  local long form: Republik Indonesia
  local short form: Indonesia
  former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Jakarta

Administrative divisions:
  30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*
  (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital
  city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu,
  Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa
  Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan
  Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau,
  Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur,
  Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi
  Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
  Yogyakarta*
  note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1
    January 2001, the 440 districts or regencies have become the key
    administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Independence:
  17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949 (Netherlands
  recognizes Indonesian independence)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution:
  August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional
  Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amemdments concluded
  in 2002

Legal system:
  based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and
  by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory
  ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004)
    and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October
    2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004);
    note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year terms by
    direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be
    held in 2009)
  election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving
    60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

Legislative branch:
  House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats;
  members elected to serve five-year terms); House of Regional
  Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated
  role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting
  regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or
  MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in amending
  constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR
  does not formulate national policy
  elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
  election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB
    10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by
    party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45,
    others 50
  note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always
    follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a
  list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional
  Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August
  2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial
  responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and
  Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began
  functioning in January 2006

Political parties and leaders:
  Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
  Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman]; Functional Groups
  Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia Democratic
  Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National
  Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or
  PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul
  SEMBIRING, chairman]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ,
  chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
  OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG,
  UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
  chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
  FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San
    Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
  embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
  mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
  telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
  FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
  consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
  Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is
  white (top) and red

§5. Indonesia Economy

Economy - overview:
  Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian
  financial crisis, and still grapples with high unemployment, a fragile
  banking sector, endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor
  investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions.
  Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2004 because of declining production
  and lack of new exploration investment. The cost of subsidizing domestic
  fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with
  indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August,
  prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in
  October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes will dampen growth
  prospects in 2006. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building
  up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong
  global economic growth. In late December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami
  took 131,000 lives with another 37,000 missing, left some 570,000 displaced
  persons, and caused an estimated $4.5 billion in damages and losses.
  Terrorist incidents in 2005 have slowed tourist arrivals. Indonesia
  experienced several human cases of avian influenza in late 2005, sparking
  concerns of a pandemic.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $901.7 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $270 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5.4% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $3,700 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 14.7%
  industry: 30.6%
  services: 54.6% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  94.2 million (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 46.5%, industry 11.8%, services 41.7% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  10.9% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  16.7% (2004)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.6%
  highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  34.3 (2002)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  10.4% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  21.5% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $54.3 billion
  expenditures: $57.7 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005
    est.)

Public debt:
  52.6% of GDP (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra;
  poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Industries:
  petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement,
  chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  2.1% (2005 est.)

Electricity - production:
  120.2 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - consumption:
  105.4 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
  1.061 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  1.084 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports:
  431,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
  345,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
  4.6 billion bbl (2005 est.)

Natural gas - production:
  83.4 billion m³ (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  22.5 billion m³ (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
  37.5 billion m³ (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
  0 m³ (2005 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
  2.557 trillion m³ (2005)

Current account balance:
  $2.3 billion (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $83.64 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners:
  Japan 22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%, China 6.4%,
  Malaysia 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
  $62.02 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%, Australia
  4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $34.7 billion (2005 est.)

Debt - external:
  $131 billion (2005 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $43 billion
  note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still
    receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI),
    which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in
    2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a variety bilateral,
    multilateral, and non-governmental organization (NGO) donors following
    the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding
    efforts in Aceh (2005 est.)

Currency (code):
  Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Exchange rates:
  Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1
  (2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.9 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with
  2001, has been changed to calendar year

§6. Indonesia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  9.99 million (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  30 million (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
  domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic
    satellite communications system
  international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1
    Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:
  41 (1999)

Internet country code:
  .id

Internet hosts:
  134,735 (2005)

Internet users:
  18 million (2005)

§7. Indonesia Transportation

Airports:
  668 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 161
  over 3,047 m: 4
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 48
  914 to 1,523 m: 51
  under 914 m: 43 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 507
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 26
  under 914 m: 475 (2005)

Heliports:
  23 (2005)

Pipelines:
  condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472 km;
  oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)

Railways:
  total: 6,458 km
  narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m
    gauge (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 368,360 km
  paved: 213,649 km
  unpaved: 154,711 km (2002)

Waterways:
  21,579 km (2005)

Merchant marine:
  total: 750 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,431,605 GRT/4,598,038 DWT
  by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 38, cargo 422, chemical tanker 18,
    container 41, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, passenger 40,
    passenger/cargo 37, petroleum tanker 126, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
    on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 2
  foreign-owned: 25 (France 1, Japan 4, South Korea 1, Philippines 1,
    Singapore 14, Switzerland 2, UK 2)
  registered in other countries: 117 (The Bahamas 2, Belize 2, Bermuda 1,
    Cambodia 1, Denmark 1, Georgia 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 1,
    Malta 1, Panama 50, Singapore 49, Thailand 1, unknown 3) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai
  Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

§8. Indonesia Military

Military branches:
  Indonesia Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-AD),
    Navy (TNI-AL, includes Marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
  note: The TNI is directly subordinate to the president but the government
    is making efforts to incorporate it into the Department of Defense

Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript
  service obligation - two years (2002)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 18-49: 60,543,028 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 18-49: 48,687,234 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
  males: 2,201,047 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $1.3 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3% (2004)

§9. Indonesia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and
  delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain
  unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in
  Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia and East Timor contest the
  sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai,
  which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty
  between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime
  boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan
  islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich
  Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005
  over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted
  Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller
  outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their
  1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of
  Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
  create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem
  in the Malacca Strait

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  IDPs: 570,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) 500,000 (government
    offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan,
    Maluku, and Central Sulawesi Provinces); (2005)

Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of
  methamphetamine and ecstasy


<Factbook 2006>
