Ecuador

§1. Ecuador Introduction

Background:
  The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries that emerged from
  the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Colombia and
  Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of
  conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995
  was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 25 years of civilian
  governance in 2004, the period has been marred by political instability.
  Seven presidents have governed Ecuador since 1996.

§2. Ecuador Geography

Location:
  Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between
  Colombia and Peru

Geographic coordinates:
  2 00 S, 77 30 W

Map references:
  South_America

Area:
  total: 283,560 km²
  land: 276,840 km²
  water: 6,720 km²
  note: includes Galapagos Islands

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Nevada

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,010 km
  border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Coastline:
  2,237 km

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 100 nm from 2,500 meter isobath

Climate:
  tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical
  in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Terrain:
  coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to
  rolling eastern jungle (oriente)

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 5.71%
  permanent crops: 4.81%
  other: 89.48% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  8,650 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic
  droughts

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution
  from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon
  Basin and Galapagos Islands

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
    Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
    Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

§3. Ecuador People

Population:
  13,547,510 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 33% (male 2,281,499/female 2,195,551)
  15-64 years: 61.9% (male 4,178,653/female 4,210,766)
  65 years and over: 5% (male 319,719/female 361,322) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 23.6 years
  male: 23.1 years
  female: 24 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.5% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  22.29 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -3.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 22.87 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 27.42 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 18.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 76.42 years
  male: 73.55 years
  female: 79.43 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.68 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  21,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  1,700 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Ecuadorian(s)
  adjective: Ecuadorian

Ethnic groups:
  mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and
  others 7%, black 3%

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%

Languages:
  Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 92.5%
  male: 94%
  female: 91% (2003 est.)

§4. Ecuador Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
  conventional short form: Ecuador
  local long form: Republica del Ecuador
  local short form: Ecuador

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Quito

Administrative divisions:
  22 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,
  Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,
  Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza,
  Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

Independence:
  24 May 1822 (from Spain)

National holiday:
  Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)

Constitution:
  10 August 1998

Legal system:
  based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,
  optional for other eligible voters

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005); Vice
    President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government; former
    President Lucio GUTIERREZ was removed from office by congress effective
    20 April 2005
  head of government: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005); Vice
    President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government; former
    President Lucio GUTIERREZ was removed from office by congress effective
    20 April 2005
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same ticket
    by popular vote for a four-year term (no immediate reelection); election
    last held 20 October 2002; runoff election held 24 November 2002 (next to
    be held October 2006)
  election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election - Lucio
    GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ 54.3%;
    Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%; note - Vice President Alfredo PALACIO assumed the
    presidency on 20 April 2005 after congress removed Lucio GUTIERREZ from
    office

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100 seats; members are
  popularly elected by province to serve four- year terms)
  elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PSC 25,
    ID 16, PRE 15, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD 5, DP 4, PS-FA
    3, independents 7; note - defections by members of National Congress are
    commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held
    by the various parties

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (according to the Constitution, new justices
  are elected by the full Supreme Court; in December 2004, however, Congress
  successfully replaced the entire court via a simple-majority resolution)

Political parties and leaders:
  Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left
  or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action Institutional Renewal Party or
  PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic
  Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr.
  Juan Manuel FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN
  Acosta]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director];
  Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
  Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or PS-FA
  [Victor GRANDA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Luis MACAS,
  president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SANTOS];
  Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Marco MURILLO,
  president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and
  Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA CRUZ, president]

International organization participation:
  CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
  IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU,
  LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW,
  PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Benigno GALLEGOS Chiriboga
  chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
  FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Jersey City (New Jersey), Los
    Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Linda J. JEWELL
  embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
  mailing address: APO AA 34039
  telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890
  FAX: [593] (2) 250-2052
  consulate(s) general: Guayaquil

Flag description:
  three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with
  the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the
  flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms

§5. Ecuador Economy

Economy - overview:
  Ecuador has substantial petroleum resources, which have accounted for 40%
  of the country's export earnings and one- third of central government
  budget revenues in recent years. Consequently, fluctuations in world market
  prices can have a substantial domestic impact. In the late 1990s, Ecuador
  suffered its worst economic crisis, with natural disasters and sharp
  declines in world petroleum prices driving Ecuador's economy into free fall
  in 1999. Real GDP contracted by more than 6%, with poverty worsening
  significantly. The banking system also collapsed, and Ecuador defaulted on
  its external debt later that year. The currency depreciated by some 70% in
  1999, and, on the brink of hyperinflation, the MAHAUD government announced
  it would dollarize the economy. A coup, however, ousted MAHAUD from office
  in January 2000, and after a short-lived junta failed to garner military
  support, Vice President Gustavo NOBOA took over the presidency. In March
  2000, Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided
  the framework for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender.
  Dollarization stabilized the economy, and growth returned to its pre-crisis
  levels in the years that followed. Under the administration of Lucio
  GUTIERREZ - January 2003 to April 2005 - Ecuador benefited from higher
  world petroleum prices. However, the government under Alfredo PALACIO has
  reversed economic reforms that reduced Ecuador's vulnerability to petroleum
  price swings and financial crises, allowing the central government greater
  access to oil windfalls and disbursing surplus retirement funds.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $52.77 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $30.6 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $3,900 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 7.4%
  industry: 31.8%
  services: 60.8% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  4.6 million (urban) (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 8%, industry 24%, services 68% (2001)

Unemployment rate:
  9.7% official rate; but underemployment of 47% (November 2005 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  41% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2%
  highest 10%: 32%
  note: data for urban households only (October 2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  42
  note: data are for urban households (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.4% (2005)

Investment (gross fixed):
  22% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $8.822 billion
  expenditures: planned $8.153 billion; including capital expenditures of
    $1.6 billion (2005 est.)

Public debt:
  44.9% of GDP (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains,
  sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood;
  fish, shrimp

Industries:
  petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals

Industrial production growth rate:
  4.5% (2005 est.)

Electricity - production:
  11.27 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  10.55 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  65 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  140 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  493,200 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  155,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  387,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - proved reserves:
  4.512 billion bbl (2005 est.)

Natural gas - production:
  50 million m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  50 million m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
  0 m³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
  0 m³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
  9.769 billion m³ (2005)

Current account balance:
  $58 million (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $9.224 billion (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp

Exports - partners:
  US 42.9%, Panama 14.3%, Peru 7.9%, Italy 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
  $8.436 billion (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  vehicles, medicinal products, telecommunications equipment, electricity

Imports - partners:
  US 16.5%, Colombia 14.1%, China 9.2%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil 6.5%, Chile
  4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Mexico 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $2.147 billion (2005)

Debt - external:
  $18.29 billion (November 2005 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $216 million (2002)

Currency (code):
  US dollar (USD)

Exchange rates:
  25,000 (2005), 25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Ecuador Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  1,612,300 (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  3,544,200 (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
  domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
  international: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
    (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
  7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2001)

Internet country code:
  .ec

Internet hosts:
  16,217 (2005)

Internet users:
  624,600 (2005)

§7. Ecuador Transportation

Airports:
  285 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 85
  over 3,047 m: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
  914 to 1,523 m: 30
  under 914 m: 29 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 200
  914 to 1,523 m: 31
  under 914 m: 169 (2005)

Heliports:
  1 (2005)

Pipelines:
  extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined products 1,185
  km (2004)

Railways:
  total: 966 km
  narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 43,197 km
  paved: 7,287 km
  unpaved: 35,910 km (2003)

Waterways:
  1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2005)

Merchant marine:
  total: 30 ships (1000 GRT or over) 181,513 GRT/297,003 DWT
  by type: chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, passenger 7, petroleum tanker
    20, specialized tanker 1
  foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, Paraguay 1)
  registered in other countries: 1 (Georgia 1) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar

§8. Ecuador Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard), Air
  Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE)

Military service age and obligation:
  20 years of age for conscript military service; 12-month service obligation
  (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 20-49: 2,792,770 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 20-49: 2,338,428 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
  males: 133,922 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $650 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2% (2005 est.)

§9. Ecuador Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across
  Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to flee into
  Ecuador in 2004

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 8,270 (Colombia) (2005)

Illicit drugs:
  significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru;
  importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics;
  attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money
  because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased
  activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian
  insurgents


<Factbook 2006>
