Sao Tome and Principe

§1. Sao Tome and Principe Introduction

Background:
  Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands'
  sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all
  grown with plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th
  century. Although independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms
  were not instituted until the late 1980s. Though the first free elections
  were held in 1991, the political environment has been one of continued
  instability with frequent changes in leadership and coup attempts in 1995
  and 2003. The recent discovery of oil in the Gulf of Guinea is likely to
  have a significant impact on the country's economy.

§2. Sao Tome and Principe Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west
  of Gabon

Geographic coordinates:
  1 00 N, 7 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 1,001 km²
  land: 1,001 km²
  water: 0 km²

Area - comparative:
  more than five times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  209 km

Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Terrain:
  volcanic, mountainous

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Natural resources:
  fish, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 8.33%
  permanent crops: 48.96%
  other: 42.71% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  100 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  the smallest country in Africa; the two main islands form part of a chain
  of extinct volcanoes and both are fairly mountainous

§3. Sao Tome and Principe People

Population:
  193,413 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 47.5% (male 46,478/female 45,302)
  15-64 years: 48.8% (male 45,631/female 48,661)
  65 years and over: 3.8% (male 3,368/female 3,973) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 16.2 years
  male: 15.6 years
  female: 16.8 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.15% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  40.25 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -2.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 41.83 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 43.74 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 39.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 67.31 years
  male: 65.73 years
  female: 68.95 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.62 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid
    fever
  vectorborne disease: malaria (2005)

Nationality:
  noun: Sao Tomean(s)
  adjective: Sao Tomean

Ethnic groups:
  mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of
  freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and
  Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans
  (primarily Portuguese)

Religions:
  Catholic 70.3%, Evangelical 3.4%, New Apostolic 2%, Adventist 1.8%, other
  3.1%, none 19.4% (2001 census)

Languages:
  Portuguese (official)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 79.3%
  male: 85%
  female: 62% (1991 est.)

§4. Sao Tome and Principe Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
  conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe
  local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
  local short form: Sao Tome e Principe

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Sao Tome

Administrative divisions:
  2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome
  note: Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995

Independence:
  12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Constitution:
  approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990

Legal system:
  based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Fradique DE MENEZES (since 3 September 2001)
  head of government: Prime Minister Maria do Carmo SILVEIRA (since 7 June
    2005);
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of
    the prime minister
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 29 July 2001 (next to be held July 2006); prime minister chosen
    by the National Assembly and approved by the president
  election results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president in Sao Tome's third
    multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are
  elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 3 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
  election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP 39.6%, Force for Change
    Democratic Movement 39.4%, other 4.8%, Ue- Kedadji coalition 16.2%; seats
    by party - MLSTP 24, Force for Change Democratic Movement 23, Ue-Kedadji
    coalition 8

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA]; Force for Change Democratic
  Movement [leader NA]; Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES];
  Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic
  Party or MLSTP- PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic
  Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA]; other
  small parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM,
  IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU,
  NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
  WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: First Secretary Domingos Augusto FERREIRA
  chancery: 400 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022
  telephone: [1] (212) 317-0580
  FAX: [1] (212) 935-7348
  consulate(s): Atlanta

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to
  Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and
  makes periodic visits to the islands

Flag description:
  three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green
  with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the
  yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the
  popular pan- African colors of Ethiopia

§5. Sao Tome and Principe Economy

Economy - overview:
  This small, poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa
  since independence in 1975. Cocoa production has substantially declined in
  recent years because of drought and mismanagement, but strengthening prices
  helped boost export earnings in 2003. Sao Tome has to import all fuels,
  most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of food.
  Over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external debt and has
  relied heavily on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Sao Tome
  benefited from $200 million in debt relief in December 2000 under the
  Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program, and is expected to benefit
  from an additional round of HIPC debt relief in early 2006, to help bring
  down the country's $300 million debt burden. In August 2005, Sao Tome
  signed on to a new 3-year IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)
  program worth $4.3 million. Considerable potential exists for development
  of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand
  facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce
  price controls and subsidies. Sao Tome is optimistic about the development
  of petroleum resources in its territorial waters in the oil-rich Gulf of
  Guinea, which are being jointly developed in a 60-40 split with Nigeria.
  The first production licenses were sold in 2004, though a dispute over
  licensing with Nigeria delayed Sao Tome's receipt of more than $20 million
  in signing bonuses for almost a year. Real GDP growth reached 6% in 2004,
  and also probably in 2005, as a result of increases in public expenditures
  and oil-related capital investment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $214 million (2003 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  NA

GDP - real growth rate:
  6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $1,200 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 16.7%
  industry: 14.8%
  services: 68.4% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  NA

Labor force - by occupation:
  population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing
  note: shortages of skilled workers

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Population below poverty line:
  54% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  15.1% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  31.2% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $26.39 million
  expenditures: $59.48 million; including capital expenditures of $54 million
    (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas,
  papayas, beans; poultry; fish

Industries:
  light construction, textiles, soap, beer, fish processing, timber

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  15 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  13.95 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
  650 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Natural gas - production:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  0 m³ (2003 est.)

Current account balance:
  $-19 million (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $8 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  cocoa 80%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Exports - partners:
  Netherlands 37.3%, China 12.8%, Belgium 7.6%, Germany 6.6%, Poland 5.3%,
  France 5%, Brazil 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
  $38 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
  Portugal 52.3%, Germany 9.5%, US 6%, Netherlands 4.8%, South Africa 4.3%,
  Belgium 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $20 million (2005 est.)

Debt - external:
  $318 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Currency (code):
  dobra (STD)

Exchange rates:
  dobras per US dollar - 9,900.4 (2005), (2004), 9,347.6 (2003), 9,088.3
  (2002), 8,842.1 (2001)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Sao Tome and Principe Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  7,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  4,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: adequate facilities
  domestic: minimal system
  international: country code - 239; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
    (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2002)

Television broadcast stations:
  2 (2002)

Internet country code:
  .st

Internet hosts:
  1,021 (2005)

Internet users:
  20,000 (2005)

§7. Sao Tome and Principe Transportation

Airports:
  2 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2005)

Roadways:
  total: 320 km
  paved: 218 km
  unpaved: 102 km (1999)

Merchant marine:
  total: 10 ships (1000 GRT or over) 35,939 GRT/54,246 DWT
  by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 7, chemical tanker 1
  foreign-owned: 2 (Egypt 1, Greece 1) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Sao Tome

§8. Sao Tome and Principe Military

Military branches:
  Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (FASTP): Army, Coast Guard,
    Presidential Guard (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 18-49: 33,438 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 18-49: 25,950 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $581,729 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  0.8% (2005 est.)

Military - note:
  Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force with almost no resources at
  its disposal and would be wholly ineffective operating unilaterally;
  infantry equipment is considered simple to operate and maintain but may
  require refurbishment or replacement after 25 years in tropical climates;
  poor pay and conditions have been a problem in the past, as has alleged
  nepotism in the promotion of officers, as reflected in the 1995 and 2003
  coups; these issues are being addressed with foreign assistance as initial
  steps towards the improvement of the army and its focus on realistic
  security concerns; command is exercised from the president, through the
  Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the Armed Forces staff (2005)

§9. Sao Tome and Principe Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none


<Factbook 2006>
